Direct or quoted speech is a sentence (or several sentences) that reports
speech or thought in its original form, as phrased by the original speaker. It
is usually enclosed in quotation marks. The cited speaker is either mentioned
in the inquit (Latin "he/she says") or implied.
Indirect speech, also called reported speech or
indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements,
questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in
direct speech. For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech,
whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech. Indirect speech should not be
confused with indirect speech acts.
In terms of grammar, indirect speech often makes
use of certain syntactic structures such as content clauses ("that"
clauses, such as (that) he was coming), and sometimes infinitive phrases.
References to questions in indirect speech frequently take the form of
interrogative content clauses, also called indirect questions (such as whether
he was coming).
In indirect speech certain grammatical categories
are changed relative to the words of the original sentence. For example,person
may change as a result of a change of speaker or listener (as I changes to he
in the example above). In some languages, including English, the tense of verbs
is often changed – this is often called sequence of tenses. Some languages have
a change of mood: Latin switches from indicative to the infinitive (for
statements) or the subjunctive (for questions).
When written, indirect speech is not normally enclosed in quotation marks or any similar typographical devices for indicating that a direct quotation is being made. However such devices are sometimes used to indicate that the indirect speech is a faithful quotation of someone's words (with additional devices such as square brackets and ellipses to indicate deviations or omissions from those words), as in He informed us that "after dinner [he] would like to make an announcemen.
Direct Indirect Speech & consisted of 3 types:
I. Statement (pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
I. STATEMENT
In the Indirect Statement we use words that (that) as
a liaison between the introductory sentence (introduce phrase) and the words being
reported (reported words). The introductory sentences in indirect statement is:
He said
He said to me that
+ reported words
He told me
II. COMMAND
The Command is divided into two parts, namely:
1. Positive Command
In the positive commandment we add to the sentence
in front of the command, as the introductory sentence and the liaison between
command reported. The introductory sentences in this type are:
to + infinitive
He asked me
He told me
e.g
- He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
- Mary told me “Stop talking to
Jane”
- Mary told me to stop talking to
Jane.
- Mother asked John “Pay attention
to what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention
to what she says.
2. Negative Command
In order not to add our negative in front of the command reported.
e.g
- Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for her.
- I told him “Don’t mention it to
anyone”
- I told him not to mention it to
anyone.
- Father asked her “Don’t go there
alone”
- Father asked her not to go there
alone.
III. QUESTION
When questions directly (direct question) use
words like tanya; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, etc., then the words are
used as liaison in reported Speech. The question that is reported to be a form
of positive berubaha. The introductory sentence is:
e.g
- The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.
- The teacher asked her : “Have you
finish your homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had
finished her homework.
- Mary asked me : “Did you she John
at the party the night before.
- Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the
night before.
Direct Indirect & with Auxiliaries
Note the changes that need to be from Auxiliaries
Direct
Indirect
Was/were - had been
can
- could
may
- might
must & have to - had to
must not - wasn’t to/musn’t
needn’t - didn’t have to
e.g
- Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said that she had been sick
the day before.
- The man asked me :” Can you speak
English ?”
- The man asked me if I could speak
English.
This is for example of Direct Speech to Indirect Speech.
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE
Tita said, “I read a novel”
|
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
She said that she read a novel.
|
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
She said, “he is listening to the radio”
|
PAST
CONTINUOUS
She said that he was listening to the radio.
|
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE
Rama said, “I will buy a car”
|
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE
He said that he would buy a car.
|
PRESENT
PERFECT
He said, “I have
eaten the sandwich ”
|
PAST PERFECT
He said that he had eaten the sandwich.
|
PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Mita said, “I have
been watching television since 5 O’clock”
|
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
She said that she
had been watching television since 5 O’clock.
|
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