TUGAS SOFTSKIL 2, KALIMAT DIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct or quoted speech is a sentence (or several sentences) that reports speech or thought in its original form, as phrased by the original speaker. It is usually enclosed in quotation marks. The cited speaker is either mentioned in the inquit (Latin "he/she says") or implied.

Indirect speech, also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech. For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech, whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech. Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.

In terms of grammar, indirect speech often makes use of certain syntactic structures such as content clauses ("that" clauses, such as (that) he was coming), and sometimes infinitive phrases. References to questions in indirect speech frequently take the form of interrogative content clauses, also called indirect questions (such as whether he was coming).

In indirect speech certain grammatical categories are changed relative to the words of the original sentence. For example,person may change as a result of a change of speaker or listener (as I changes to he in the example above). In some languages, including English, the tense of verbs is often changed – this is often called sequence of tenses. Some languages have a change of mood: Latin switches from indicative to the infinitive (for statements) or the subjunctive (for questions).

When written, indirect speech is not normally enclosed in quotation marks or any similar typographical devices for indicating that a direct quotation is being made. However such devices are sometimes used to indicate that the indirect speech is a faithful quotation of someone's words (with additional devices such as square brackets and ellipses to indicate deviations or omissions from those words), as in He informed us that "after dinner [he] would like to make an announcemen.

Direct Indirect Speech & consisted of 3 types:

I. Statement (pernyataan)

II. Command (perintah)

III. Question (pertanyaan)

I. STATEMENT

In the Indirect Statement we use words that (that) as a liaison between the introductory sentence (introduce phrase) and the words being reported (reported words). The introductory sentences in indirect statement is:

He said

He said to me that + reported words

He told me

II. COMMAND

The Command is divided into two parts, namely:

1. Positive Command

In the positive commandment we add to the sentence in front of the command, as the introductory sentence and the liaison between command reported. The introductory sentences in this type are:

to + infinitive

He asked me

He told me

e.g

- He asked me “Open your book”

- He asked me to open my book.

- Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”

- Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.

- Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”

- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.

2. Negative Command

In order not to add our negative in front of the command reported.

e.g

- Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”

- Mary told John not to wait for her.

- I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”

- I told him not to mention it to anyone.

- Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”

- Father asked her not to go there alone.

III. QUESTION

When questions directly (direct question) use words like tanya; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, etc., then the words are used as liaison in reported Speech. The question that is reported to be a form of positive berubaha. The introductory sentence is:

e.g

- The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”

- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

- The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”

- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

- Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.

- Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.

Direct Indirect & with Auxiliaries

Note the changes that need to be from Auxiliaries

Direct Indirect

Was/were - had been

can - could

may - might

must & have to - had to

must not - wasn’t to/musn’t

needn’t - didn’t have to

e.g

- Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”

- Mary said that she had been sick the day before.

- The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”

- The man asked me if I could speak English.

This is for example of Direct Speech to Indirect Speech.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Tita said, “I read a novel”	SIMPLE PAST TENSE She said that she read a novel.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS She said, “he is listening to the radio”	PAST CONTINUOUS She said that he was listening to the radio.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Rama said, “I will buy a car”	SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE He said that he would buy a car.
PRESENT PERFECT He said, “I have eaten the sandwich ”	PAST PERFECT He said that he had eaten the sandwich.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Mita said, “I have been watching television since 5 O’clock”	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS She said that she had been watching television since 5 O’clock.